Definitions of Globalization

Globalization is a concept with many differing definitions. Globalization is a process which entails the free movement of capital, goods, services and labor around the world. Globalization is the massive control of the world†s economy by big business, this control transcends the boundaries of state and country. This transcendence across countries makes the subunits of the economy decompose and depend on the larger companies with a controlling interest in most of the capital within a given economy. These companies then form global constituents, they then have a control of a large volume of capital within many countries. This global control of capital comes through the deindustrialization of larger economic superpowers to third world countries for economic gains of these companies. Seeking lower wages and a large unskilled labor force, companies find it in third world countries. These are concrete examples of global companies seeking wage reductions on an international scale. This migration causes a deindustrialization for the larger countries and a industrialization in these developing countries. In a curious fashion they tend to confirm the Marxist view, long thought out of fashion, that the working classes would be kept at subsistence level. Reebok Shoes, and other footwear giants, are forever shifting their manufacturing base to lands of lower wage scales. (This is more easily done in that industry than would be possible in steel or automobile manufacturing. ) From New England to the American South and on to the American colony of Puerto Rico, thence the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea and Thailand — until the annual wages of the factory are less than the remuneration paid to the basketball star paid to advertise the final product. No, globalization does not mean â€Å"workers of the world unite†. Joan E. Spero, Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs stated the issue at hand was one of a formidable size, â€Å"Capital now moves with startling speed around the world. Each day over $1 trillion is traded in a global foreign exchange market that never closes. Technological advances in computers and telecommunications are paving the way for a new information-based economy. † The capital within this globalized economy is not situated as one might have first assumed. The capital is concentrated within the upper management and within the boundaries of the company itself. The growth of the American economy in particular is in no way a direct reflection on the wages and standard of living for most American workers. Large companies set up manufacture of products in developing countries, exploiting the economic need that is present there. Then these companies take this product from this country and bring it back to places like the United States to be marketed. The economic benefits are then reaped by the company. The product was manufactured in this third world country where they were paid small wages and in horrible working conditions. Then the product is taken to the United States where is sold to the American public who played no role in the manufacture of the product thus their purchase in no way supports the circulation of capital within the United States economy and is given specifically to the company. The company then takes the capital and reinvests the money into the company and in foreign industry and the money is not recirculated within the economy that created it. This theory of capital flight is what produces the economic growth of the economy as a whole but the workers and middle class of that economy do not see that growth. The middle class is becoming less and less necessary within the globalized economy. The skilled worker is not necessary due to technological advancements and the movement of industry from the United States to developing countries. The developing countries are used for their large and willing unskilled worker population. The need for specific talent and training is becoming more and more necessary within countries such as the United States. This creates an international division of labor within the global economic market system. The labor market has changed dramatically in the past three or four decades. The unskilled labor work force has shrunk over the last few decades, this change has come due to the expansion of technology within many industries. The worth of those at the highest levels of companies have only gained from this change. The middle management has been almost eradicated from the present economy by technology and â€Å"reengineering†. This â€Å"reengineering† â€Å"combines the skills of specialist clerks and middle managers into software packages that are attached to desktop computers† (Head). The disparities in this competition have become truly obscene. In 1960 the annual compensation of the average CEO of a major US. ompany was 40 times that of the average worker. In 1992 it was 157 times as much. The average CEO of a large corporation now receives an annual compensation package of more than $3. 5 million-their reward for growing company profits by destroying millions of jobs. Over the past 3 years the profits of the Standard and Poors 500 lar gest corporations have grown an average of 20% a year. Stock prices are at record highs. For the most part, these gains went to people who have nothing better to do with their money than gamble on price movements in the giant global casino we call a stock market. During 1995, wages, salaries and benefits-compensation for doing real work-increased only 2. 7%-the smallest rise on record. Thus the role of the middle class has been diminished largely in the new growing globalization of economy. The 1990s have been a prime example of the growth of economy and technology and the massive downfall of the middle class. The advent of technology has left many in the white collar, middle class sector with no jobs or at constant risk of loss of their present one. Over 80 percent of Americans work in the service industry and they practice their own form of the white collar layoffs, they utilize the new tax software that is available, leaving the accountant in the proverbial dust. In strictly economic terms the gap between rich and poor widens and capital accumulates to the point where it no longer quite knows what to do with itself. Rich people valiantly spend what they can on luxuries, but the rich are too few to solve this crisis of overproduction and luxuries are useless to most of the world's people. The remainder of this excess capital swills around in ‘finance houses' and banks getting bored, casting about for something more lucrative to do. That usually means gambling, ‘speculation' on whatever comes to hand: commodities, foreign exchange, bonds, stocks, shares, all kinds of ‘instruments' created for just this purpose. These days, the temptingly volatile 'emerging markets' of the South and former Soviet bloc have become speculative playgrounds. Foreign-exchange transactions, for example, now amount to more than a thousand billion dollars a day, with only a small proportion relating to any ‘real' economic activity at all.

Beauty of Bangladesh

Q. 1:What is the title of your term paper? Ans:The title of our term paper is â€Å"Beautiful Bangladesh† Q. 2:Why do you want to work on the topic? Ans:The topic is so interesting to us we want to work on the topic Q. 3:How do you think this topic is going to help you? Ans:To collect materials on the following topic we need to research some book ,news paper & web link ,Which is so helpfull to increase our knowledge about Bangladesh Q. 4:How do you intend to proceed with this work and from where do you plan to collect the materials? Ans: Because of our curiosity we intend to proceed with this work. We collect data from internet,Some books & newspaper. 1. 1. Introduction 2. 1. heritage sites 1. shat gambuj mosque 2. MohastanGor, Bogra 2. 2. Country Of longest beach & World's Largest Mangrove Forest 2 Sundarban 3 Cox's Bazar 2. 3. Cultural beauty 4 Pohela Boishakh 5 Lalon Akhra 2. 4. Some Other Natural Beauty 7 River & River Side 8 paddy Field 9 Six Seasons are Six beauty 2. 5. The Potential Travel Services 2. 5. 1 The potential of the tourism industry 2. 5. 2. Future tourist demand 3. 1 Conclusion 1. 1 Introduction Bangladesh is a  sovereign state  located in  South Asia. It is  bordered  by  India  on all sides except for a small border with Burma  (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the  Bay of Bengal  to the south. Together with the Indian state of  West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of  Bengal. It is the  eighth most populous country and among the  most densely populated countries  in the world. Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. We have lots of natural elements. In this term paper we want to describe about the beauty of our country. 2. 1 Heritage sites 2. 1. 1. Shat Gambuj Mosque It is a Tughlaq styled mosque. Khan Jahan Ali  was the architect and  general contractor of this historical mosque. It is the largest  historical mosque  in Bangladesh. It is also one of the most impressive  place on the Indian Subcontinent. The mosque is situated on the eastern bank of the Ghora Dighi. The name Shat Gambuj Masjid means a mosque with sixty domes. But  actually the mosque has 77 squat domes with 7 four sided pitched  Bengali domes in the middle row. The mosque is constructed in 1449 with terracotta decoration. Around the doors you can see beautiful design. Inside of the mosque the walls are designed by former muslim cultural tradition. The full  mosque is a wonderful archeological beauty which is the signature of  the 15th century. 2. 1. 2. Mahasthangarh [Bogra] Mohasthangarh is one of the main attractions in north Bengal. It was the capital of Kingdom of the Mourjo, the Gupta and the Sen Dynasty. This is the ancient archeological and historical which was, established in 2500 BC. It is the oldest archaeological site of Bangladesh is on the western bank of river Karatoa 18 km. The spectacular site is an imposing landmark in the area having a fortified, oblong enclosure measuring 5000 ft. by 4500 ft. with an average height of 15 ft. from the surrounding paddy fields. This 3rd century archaeological site is still held to be of great sanctity by the Hindus. Every year (mid-April) and once in every 12 years (December) thousands of Hindu devotees join the bathing ceremony on the bank of river Karatoa. 2. 2 Country Of longest beach and World's Largest Mangrove Forest 2. 2. . Cox's bazar To the south of Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh. Having the world's longest unbroken (120 km) beach sloping gently down to the blue waters of the bay of bengal against the picturesque background of a chain of hill covered with deep green forests. Cox's Bazaar is one of the most attractive tourist spots in the world. Miles of golden sands, towering cliffs surfing waves, rare conch shells, colorful pagodas, Buddhist temples and tribes, delightful seafood – these are specialties of Cox's Bazaar. The beach is good for bathing, sunbathing and swimming. The breath-taking beauty of the sun-setting behind the waves of the sea is captivating. Visits to the fascinating picnic spot at Himchari, Teknaf are amazing. Buddhist temple at Ramu and nearby island of Sonadia, St. Martin and Mohaskhali are memorable experience of one's lifetime. 2. 2. 2. Sundarban The Sundarbans delta, at the mouth of the Ganges river, is the largest mangrove forest in the world, spreading across parts of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The Sundarbans features a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, with the Royal Bengal tiger being the most famous, but also including many birds, spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes. Tiger is the greatest parts of the Sundarbon and they are very powerful. Bengal tigers are very attractive in the worlds demand. So many tiger exist in the world but Rayal Bengal Tigers are very demanding here for their extra ordinary activities of their own. 2. 3. Cultural Beauty 2. 3. 1. Pohela boishakh: The first day of Bangla year is called Pohela Boishakh or Bangla New Year. It is the first day of the Bengali calendar celebrated in both Bangladesh and West Bengal and Bengali communities in Assam and Tripura. . â€Å"Celebrations of Pohela Boishakh started from Akbar's reign. It was customary to clear up all dues on the last day of. On the next day, or the first day of the New Year, landlords would entertain their tenants with sweets. On this occasion there used to be fairs and other festivities. In due course the occasion became part of domestic and social life, and turned into a day of merriment. 2. 3. 2. Lalon Akhra: Fakir Lalon Shah is also known as Lalon Shah (c. 774–1890), was a Bangladeshi philosopher poet. His poetry, articulated in songs, is considered classics of the Bangla language. Fakir Lalon Shah lived in the village of Cheuria in the district of Kushtia and to the Upazila(sub district) of Kumarkhali in Bangladesh. The details of Lalon's early life are made controversial mainly by urban-educated scholars representing communal tendenc ies among both Hindu and Muslim writers. Lalon also recorded very little information about himself. Depending on the source, some claim Lalon was born of Hindu Kayastha parents and during a pilgrimage to Murshidabad with other Bauls of his native village; . 4. Some Other Natural Beauty 2. 4. 1. River and river side: Bangladesh is a land of rivers. Many of these rivers are wide and long. The bank of the river presents an unbroken view of a variety of sights which entertain the eyes. Here men, women and children bathe, there women get down to water’s edge with pitchers in their hands and again there washer man wash clothes and cowboys graze their cattle. A river offers a grand spectacle on a moonlit night. All around there is a deep silence which is now and then broken by the splashing dip of oars and the songs of the boatman. . 4. 2. Paddy Field: A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semi aquatic crops.. Paddies can be built into stee p hillsides as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. During the twentieth century, paddy field farming became the dominant form of growing ricePaddy field looks different in different colors. When it is green the land turns into a carpet of bright green rice shoots while the smell of drying jute invades the air. And when it is yellow then the paddy field looks like gold. . 4. 3. Six Seasons and Six Beauties: At an interval of every two months, there appears a new season in Bangladesh. Thus we have six seasons in Bangladesh. They are summer, the rainy season, autumn, the late autumn, winter and spring. March to May or in Bengali Baishakh and Jaistha are the Summer months. Summer is the season of scorching sun. It is the season of perspiration and thirst. Then comes the rainy season. The months of June to August or Asharh and sraban make the rainy seasons. In this season the sky remains cloudy and it rains day and night. Rivers, tanks, ponds and canals are full of water. The autumn rolls into Late autumn or Hemanto, which is the seasons of dew. Harvesting of crops begins soon. The golden paddy in the fields creates in the minds of the peasants many happy dreams. From mid-November to early January, the weather becomes more arid and less humid. The earth dries and dust forms. Warm clothes are pulled out. Young people play tennis, football, cricket and golf. The coolest days are from mid-December to February when the days are golden with light, the flowers are blooming and the nights and early mornings are chilly. Night guards wrap themselves up in shawls and blankets with scarves and hats are pulled down over their ears. 2. 5. The potential travel and tourism services in Bangladesh 2. 5. 1. The potential of the tourism industry The tourism industry is quite a young line of business in Bangladesh, where the development predominantly has been left to the local market forces. Today this market has both local and international tourist players competing for the small existing market, primarily composed of a local tourist market and a foreign business market. Bangladeshi government and private tourist sector are represented by organisations, nevertheless co-operation, strategies and policies aiming at developing a prosperous and sustainable tourist industry are rare – and not always implemented if they exist . To develop the Bangladeshi tourism industry successfully a local based strategy is crucial – without visions, missions, goals and policies for this line of business the development is largely uncontrolled. Here by there is a possibility that an undesired or destroying tourist development takes place, often being influenced by powerful foreign tourist players. . 5. 2. Future tourist demand Bangladesh is part of South Asia, which also includes Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. This major region is the most under represented region in tourism terms, with 23 per cent of the world’s population but less than 1 percent of staffers. We have lots of natural elements. We need to care our nature. We h ave lots of opportunities to increase our tourist demand. We can introduce our self as a tourist country. We have longest beach and mangrove forest and lots of natural elements of beauty. We can advertise our self as a most beautiful country in world 3. 1. Conclusion: It is not possible to describe the beauty of Bangladesh in some paper. We have lots elements of our natural beauty. I hope I will never find any country as Bangladesh. Reference http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bangladesh http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/news-details. php? nid=177974 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sundarbans http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jamuna_Bridge http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paddy_field http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pohela_Baishakh http://www. virtualbangladesh. com/ ttps://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940 http://thequeenofnaturalbeauty. blogspot. com/2009/03/bangladesh. html#comments.. watch http://thequeenofnaturalbeauty. blogspot. com/2009/03/bangladesh. html#comments.. watch http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cox's_Bazar http://www. discovercoxsbazar. com/coxs-bazar-the-longest-sea-bea ch-in-the-world. html http://www. discoverybangladesh. com/meetbangladesh/coxbazar. html http://www. sundarbanmannada. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sundarbans Daily star New age

Ancient Greece – Essay

In ancient Greece, Music was an important thing for the pattern and texture of Greek life. It was played at weddings, funerals, religious festivals, gatherings and etc. Although Ancient Greeks were familiar with a vast amount of instruments, they favored three particular instruments which are the Kithara, the Lyre, and the Aulos. Instrumental music or the singing of a hymn was included in everyday activities and formal acts of worship. Of Greek philosophers believe that there is a relationship between music and mathematics, as they envisioned music as a concept of harmonious order reflecting the cosmos and human soul. Many people in Ancient Greece had a liking for sports, most of the men and boys trained/played sports religiously. Olympia, which is a city in Greece, was a known place for athletics in Ancient Greece. The very first Olympic Games were held in Olympia and that was in 776 BC, therefore Greece is the home city for Olympic Games. The Olympic Games were played in honor of Zeus, who was a Greek God. The games were held every four years and it was a very important even for the Greeks. The tradition of Olympic Games still lives till this day. Woman in Ancient Greek were known to be secluded. They had no say in many things. These women went through many ordeals in their life. Most women in Ancient Greece didn’t have a right to decide whom they wanted to marry. Marriage for woman in Ancient Greece was like a transaction/ business exchange between two men. The circumstances of gaining inheritance were limited for a female. Wives could not inherit money from their husbands and daughters couldn’t inherit property from their fathers, one of the few ways a female could inherit property was through a male sibling. Also, in Ancient Greece, the social life of a female was limited to none. Most women were not allowed to participate in events that involved men. A wife’s social life’s was controlled by her husband. One of the main roles for these women was to bore children, and that was a difficult task for them. In Ancient Greece, Women’s rights were unequivalent to men’s rights.

Reading Response Question 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Response Question 2 - Research Paper Example Ergo, with an educated crop of youth, posterity would be supplied with learned men to manage the affairs of the nation. He recalls that the original settlers who had created the foundation on which America was built had received a good education in Europe and juxtaposes them with the present youths who are not thought to be of the same caliber owing to lesser academic aptitude. To this end, he proposed that an academy should be opened for the sake of educating the youth and the state or any other organization with an interest should provide teachers and learning materials, which will be updated and improved with time as par the educational demands (Franklin 87). Furthermore, the members of the cooperation should strive to regularly visit the school so as to mentor the students and assist the masters as well as serve as inspiration to the proteges. The academy, he suggested should be located in the city or not very far rom it, that way, the youths within who would be undergoing traini ng could be closely observed by the community. The Rector should be an outstanding scholar and well versed in the sciences arts and languages, he should have masters of his caliber and it is also crucial that all have excellent mastery of the English tongue. The students should be trained in both academic and non-academic pursuits such as would strengthen them both physically and spiritually. They should be rendered physically active through wrestling, swimming running reaping and any other appropriate exercise. The scholars in this academy should distinguish themselves from other youth by the peculiarity of their habits, which should reflect studiousness and great self-discipline. As pertains to the content taught therein, he suggests several disciplines and justifies their necessity. The English language is to be taught by grammar and it should encapsulate the works of great writers such pope Cato, and Tillotson, it should also include reading and pronunciation skills. Their writi ng skills can be honed through the writing of letters to each other all which should be read and revised under the supervision of a qualified master. History should also be introduced so the learners may benefit from the experience and leisure that is contained in knowledge of past diverse past events such as Greek and/or world history. This should be combined with geography in which the scholars would be taught to read and interpret maps as well as point out specifically where certain historical events took place. Franklin further proposes that learner could benefit from knowledge of ancient customs of different cultures and religious education. Through the constant examinations of the rise and fall of man’s character, learners should be schooled in matters of morality which has substantial advantage in that it inculcates virtues such as temperance frugality and persistence among others. An in-depth study of historical events will undoubtedly, according to Franklin serve to inspire the learner to do great things and also learn from the experiences and mistakes of their forbearers. He argues that learning of language such as Latin is crucial since many

Production and Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Production and Operations Management - Essay Example 2. Analyze the relationship between the retail price of gasoline and the world demand for crude oil. To understand the relationship between the price of gasoline and the demand for crude oil , we’ll first need to understand the dynamics of both gasoline and crude oil individually. Like many commodities being traded in the global market like gold, silver, rice, wheat etc. crude oil is also traded. The main reason for it being traded in the global market is that it’s one of those commodities which is unevenly distributed on the surface of earth. It can found in much abundance in one place which cease to exist at some other country. This instability in the geographic distribution of crude oil makes it quite an important resource to be present in any country. The countries with its abundant deposits are on the top of the food chain economically and the countries with lesser deposits of it are quite weak economically. Hence proving the significance of crude oil for economies . Now crude oil is not only used for production of Gasoline but many other petroleum products are extracted from it. From this we can extract that crude oil has more demand as a commodity and is not only required for the production of gasoline. Gasoline is a refined form of crude oil. Crude oil is extracted or purchased in raw form and goes through various refining processes to produce gasoline. Gasoline has become as the basic commodity which has been in use for decades now as the primary fuel for powering transportation. The transportation requirements have been increasing each year as the population of the world increases by a significant percentage each year. Hence increasing the amount of fuel being consumed each year and the demand for gasoline. Now gasoline and crude oil have developed a relationship in which the demand for both are increasing but Gasoline is dependent on crude oil for its production hence making it the dependent product. The global demand for both gasoline a nd crude oil is on the rise and with no new large deposits being excavated the supply is not increasing much and the demand is growing making the prices for both oil and gasoline head upward. The gasoline we purchase majorly includes the cost of Crude oil , the refining , marketing and distribution and the taxes. So from this we can infer that there is a inversely relationship between the supply of crude oil and the price of gasoline. Also in the years we have seen where the oil prices have dropped but gasoline prices have risen which is due to the fact that there are disruptions in the supply of oil due to unrest in the middle east. (Fuel, 2011) We also can observe this for a fact that the prices of gasoline rise accordingly with the rise of crude oil price but they don’t fall at the same rate when price of crude oil falls. The matter behind this fact is that when prices are high , the retailer have to increase it so that they cover up for their profit margins but what makes the retailers bring price down when the price for crude oil falls is competition. In competition the retailers bring down a few cents to draw in more customers and so on the process continues until they reach a point where they reach their original profit margins or the price of crude oil again increases. Also the demand imbalance of gasoline across various seasons also has an effect on retail pricing of gasoline. (US Energy Information Administration, 2003) 3. Explain what Marathon could do to keep the price at the pump the same without losing

Stengths and weaknesses of biometrics mechanis,s Essay

Stengths and weaknesses of biometrics mechanis,s - Essay Example Facial recognition is one of the best technologies but fails perform perfectly (â€Å"Biometric technologies). Voice recognition on the other hand has facilitated hands-free technology but is easily disrupted by additional sounds. Retinal and Iris recognition are one of the safest technologies but can be latent due to database searching. DNA is also a great feature that has solved crimes in this generation. The problem with DNA is that again it takes a long time and has a sample size in erroneous rate (â€Å"Biometric technologies†). Fingerprint has been a dominant technology for years as it is used for identification. The problem with this is the fact that individuals that are disabled cannot use that technology. Hand geometry, similar to its predecessor of finger ID has been a solid technology for integration as well, but layers of debris can play in some role of giving erroneous results. Gait technology has been a prominent force that has been the driving force for signatu re recognition to drive security in which police officials use radar gun, but can never be

International economic relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International economic relations - Essay Example This supports its impressive economic achievements of 198.5% and -176.7% in exports and imports respectively. Previous recession, technology sector slump and disease outbreak lessons enabled it attain low rates of interests, growth in exports to achieve a great real GDP of 3.5% in 2013. Additionally, the government aims to establish a less prone to global cycles in IT products to avoid dangers of global recession. Hong Kong is a free market economy that depends on international transactions. It boosts of a big GDP per capita of 52700 and strong external trading comprising 222.6% in export and 220.9% import GDP in 2013. These are possible through its continuous integration by china mainland that offers the main trading partner. South Korea has managed a credible economic growth integrated with global economies. Its GDP real growth of 2.8%, 54.6% and -50.8% exports and imports stem from close governance, import quotas and industrious labor force. These measures promoted raw material and technology imports, investments and savings (World Fact book of CIA,

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Essay Example In one of the qualitative studies titled ‘exploring consumer engagement in an e-setting: a qualitative research of marketing executives’, the aspects described above concerning qualitative researchers is evident. This research study sought to understand the level of consumer engagement online pertaining different brands, with the increasing popularity of internet marketing. After the identification of the research question, the researchers defined the conceptual framework which would serve as the blueprint of the study. There were two hypotheses, in line with the conceptual framework described. The research relied on in-depth interviews as the preferred data collection strategy. It was highly subjective as it relied on the opinions and convictions of the 17 marketing practitioners, who described their experience in depth. The 17 marketing practitioners selected for the study were working with international organizations and were identified through LinkedIn. The interview sessions focused on two questions that required detailed responses from the respondents. Data analysis followed, with the initial steps being the compilation of data obtained from the respondents.A quantitative research titled ‘Quantitative marketing research on the behavior of the small and medium companies on financial advisory services’ used statistical deductive approaches in a bid to determine whether there was any existing correlation between the size of the firm and the number of financial advisory services outsourced.

Reciprocal Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reciprocal Teaching - Essay Example Reciprocal teaching has two major features: instruction and practice of the four comprehension strategies-predicting, question generating, clarifying, and summarizing and a special kind of cognitive apprenticeship where students gradually learn to assume the role of teacher in helping their peers construct meaning from text. Much of schoolwork at al educational levels is mental in nature. Children in 6th grade class belong to the stage of development called late childhood. In this stage, children already prefer books and children's magazines tat stress adventure and in which they may read a heroic person with whom they can identify. Students at this level are at Piaget's stage of concrete operations in thinking, a time when the vague and nebulous concepts of early childhood become specific and concrete. Children associate new meanings with old concepts on the basis of what they learn in school. As children read textbooks in schools and consult encyclopedias and other sources of information, they not only learn new meanings for old concepts but they also correct faulty meanings associated with old concepts. Because older children's experiences are more varied than those of preschoolers, it is understandable that their concepts change in different directions and become increasingly more varied. However, certain concepts are commonly found among older children in the American culture today. The reciprocal teaching strategy is very much applicable for children in 6th grade level because they have already develop understanding and have already build up their vocabulary and reciprocal teaching can be done in groups and group belonging is an interest developed in late childhood. With increased interest in group belonging comes an increased interest in desire to communicate with group members. Children soon learn that meaningful communication cannot be achieved unless they understand the meaning of what others are saying to them. This provides the necessary incentive to improve their comprehension. Improved comprehension and prediction are also aided by training concentration in school. Throughout late childhood, children's general vocabularies grow by leaps and bounds. From their studies in school, their reading, their conversations with other, they build up vocabularies which they use in their speech, writing and comprehension. Describe how you would apply the strategy with you 6th grade reading class. First, I will select a well-structured text selection for the exercise then distribute the copies of the selection to the class. I would choose a poem or short piece of fiction or nonfiction that I have annotated that models all four strategies of Reciprocal Teaching. It is advisable to start with very short pieces of literature or short sections of a larger work (a chapter or section of a novel, biography, etc.). This will allow my students to practice and hone their skills before moving on to longer readings. Explain the four reading skills

8,9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8,9 - Essay Example Fundamentally, client satisfaction depends on feeling about a particular customer service extended to them by the businesses. Therefore, businesses have an obligation to add value by providing excellent customer service. In essence, it is significant to practice friendliness, courtesy, attentiveness, care, and responsiveness when dealing with clients even in situations where their requests seem unfavorable. The aforementioned factors are critical to the success of the business enterprise. My experience with a shipping company was embarrassing. I had waited for my products to be delivered in time, but the company did not explain to me comprehensively about the delay. The company sent an email to me in a language that appeared impolite. It was a total disregard and disrespect to me. Instead of communicating effectively the expected date of delivering my product, the company never presented any clear information to when I should receive my product. The company strategy of giving incomplete information was disrespect to me as a loyal customer. It would have been appropriate for the company to plan the message well, and present information that contains the reason for the delay of my product. In addition, the message ought to reflect a language that underpins hope, positivity, and credibility as the company seeks to maintain me as their

Diversity Ability in the work place Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity Ability in the work place - Term Paper Example In developed nations like the United States and UK where diversity is the major facet of democratic setup, the concept of workplace diversity is mandatory. Researchers are deeply at odds regarding the pros and corns of maintaining diversity in workplace. Many are of the opinion that diversity will intensify the organizational issues including conflict of interest, increasing HR costs, and communication barriers. On the other hand, others believe that diversity will enhance the potential of labor force. For instance, according to the latter concept, a workgroup that consists of senior, experienced individuals would ease the managerial tension as these individuals are familiar with every activity of business operation. In the same way workers from different cultural background can easily identify the potential customer segments of their region or culture. A company can make use this diversity for acquiring knowledge on various legal, ethical, cultural aspects of its business destinatio n. Acquiring diverse workforce will help a firm to preserve a pool of diverse skills too. For instance, elders with work experience and practical knowledge are equally important to youngsters with creative ideas and higher level of adaptability.

The Hard Times in Life Essay Example for Free

The Hard Times in Life Essay Thinking of truly difficult times is life is far from difficult. Reminiscing on difficult times will always bring back sad memories and feelings. It seems as though the most difficult times are the easiest to remember. Personally, the most difficult time of my life was the first few days after my father’s bicycle accident. For almost three days, I could not see my father who had gotten hit head-on by a red Chevrolet truck. It was truly the most difficult thing I’ve ever experienced not knowing whether or not I would see him alive again. It started out like any other typical Tuesday. I had just gotten home from the state choral competition in Jackson and my father was setting off on his weekly Tuesday night ride. I came home around 6 o’clock, just in time to see my mom coming out the door crying. This was one of the few times I had ever seen my mom cry. Obviously curious as to why she was crying, I asked what was wrong. She blatantly said, â€Å"your dad’s been hit.† It took a while for her words to sink when, but after a few seconds I knew exactly what she meant and it was truly gut-wrenching to hear. She told my brothers and I that we couldn’t go to the hospital with her and that’s when I broke down. It was so nerve-wracking to think of what all was happening at the hospital and whether or not he would be okay. The next few days weren’t any better. My uncle, aunt, cousin, and grandmother, all of whom are on my mom’s side of the family, came and stayed the night with us, while my mom stayed at the hospital. It was nice to have support from my family being there but it was hard because I had to go to school the next day enduring all the horrible feelings and thoughts throughout those day. My other grandmother and grandfather, uncle and aunt, from my father’s side, came that Wednesday. Again, I was thankful to have so much family around, but it was just too much. Going 3 days without seeing my father was awful. Hearing what all had happened to him brought tears to my eyes. The worst feeling was the feeling that I could do nothing but wait. Seconds, minutes, and hours felt like days, months, and years. That Friday was the first day I was able to see him. Seeing my dad lying in a hospital bed, bruised from head to toe, with a broken leg and broken arm, truly broke me down and humbled me. I try to never take anything for granted anymore and I constantly remind myself that I am certainly so blessed by God to still have my father around.

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion Health And Social Care Essay

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion Health And Social Care Essay Introduction: Saving lives by means of safety precautions is emphasized by the health institutions. Particularly in clinical care a minute error can jeopardize lives of human beings. Though NHS has promised to serve the best interests of people, lapses in the patient safety seems evident. As a result, NPSA proposed seven steps to safe guard precious life. Over all the literature discusses the patient safety measures, human and system factors contributing to minimize the performance and precision of care administered. During 20th century sudden rise in blood transfusions are evident. Blood is regarded as an important organ. Transfusion is a multi-step process where risk or complications are common. It discusses all the important steps in assessing the human and system errors. Systematic review is done by estimating the risks and proposes a solution of bloodless surgery which is last option to escape from worries of transfusion. The key terms used for search are patient safety, safety culture, blood transfusions, ergonomics, bloodless surgeries, organizational factors and human incidents. Patient Safety: The health sector is a highly pressurized, complex system where in which the potential for error and accidents is ever present. Statistics on International Research suggests that ensuing patient safety is one of the most important challenges faced by the healthcare today, not only in the United Kingdom but also worldwide. It was observed that the root cause of various events and accidents together with a majority of mistakes taking place in medical environment is the system itself-a system whose flaws eventually lead to a human error. The Patient Safety initiative is an innovative, proactive approach that provides basis for eliminating the flaws from the system before they result in to needless tragedies. According to World Health Organization (2011), Patient safety can be defined as a fundamental principle of health care (WHO, 2011). Precisely, the improvements concerning to patient safety demand a complex-system of wide effort, environmental and safety risk management, including in fection control, safe and effective use of medicines, clinical practices and care. Nevertheless, this new patient safety perspective was been developed in United Kingdom through an initial study, commissioned by the Department of Health and Design Council, to deliver ideologies and recommendations for a design approach to minimize the risk of medical error and to promote patient safety across the National Health Service (Department of Health, 2006). On the other hand, Risk an inherent part of health care may lead to severe complications while delaying them might be even more dangerous. At moment, in NHS controlling safety and estimating the risk has become internal process of supporting patients in hospital settings. To improve standards in patient care and for reviewing, documentation of risk form the basis for future investigations. Risk assessments carefully examine the systems to identify the factors that could potentially cause or contribute to patient harm (Department of Health, 2004). These assessments highlight whether adequate precautions are being taken to ensure timely and safer provision of care. Additionally, it indicates further measures needed in future to prevent harm and risk to the patients (Department of Health, 2006). Seven steps by the National Patient Safety Agency were published in 2004. Gives evidence of the risk involved and steps to prevent potential harm by integrating the management of risk, patients involved and the solutions proposed for incidents (National Patient Safety Agency, 2004). Within NHS, Risk Assessment is highly essential as it facilitates the practitioner to minimize both consequences of an adverse effect and risk itself. Risk Assessment provides an earl y warning system and thus maximizes the probability of positive outcomes. Thus, Risk Assessment tool can be used effectively with sound clinical judgment connected with experience of assessing risks. In essence, managing risks of ward-base and evaluation of patients is vital aspect of the tool (Royal College of Nursing, 2004). The Scenario Major concern is that blood is contaminated with infectious diseases like AIDS, hepatitis etc. Though screening being implemented, there is a risk involved while donating blood. Dr Gordec identified patients willing to donate blood being infected and not yet developed antibodies could be detected through screening Blood Borne Disease: A great stride in medicine field has invented new surgical methods and procedures for transfusions. It became a multibillion-dollar industry. Soon, transfusion-related diseases came to the fore. During the Korean War, nearly 22 percent who received plasma transfusions developed hepatitis. By1970s, the U.S. Centers for Disease and Control estimated death due to the hepatitis infected blood, 3500 a year (Awake 2002: Published by Jehovahs witnesses). Case study of heart surgery related patient The rate of mortality is high in patients undergoing heart surgery and kidney transplantation. The incident is treated as adverse event which is not happened at the beginning levels of transfusion. Although the preliminary checking is done, the rate of mortality is high. Patients diagnosed with coronary syndrome were routinely given blood transfusions. Studies published by JAMA admits that folks often choose transfusions are at higher risk of dying when compared with those who refuse. Doctors participated in the study published findings saying: We caution against the routine use of blood transfusion to maintain arbitrary hematocrit levels in stable patients with ischemic heart disease. Nigerian case study: Case of a baby girl infected with HIV positive in Nigeria was reported in the Awake 2008 article titled:HIV- Screened Blood Safe. Soon after the birth, the baby found to be jaundiced. The doctors prescribed transfusion. As fathers blood is incompatible, hospital authorities ordered blood from blood bank. Post transfusion, the baby detected HIV positive, though parents were HIV negative. Investigation is done and the Nigerian Tribune reported a virologist saying: At the time of donating, the donor was at the window period of HIV infection. The window period for HIV infection, is time period taken by the immune system to recover the antibodies for antibody test. It may take 2 to 8 weeks and it varies from person to person. So the screened blood is no safe and carries risk. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation warns: During the test, HIV infected person cannot be detected during that time. In fact, often people are infected at this period of time. The pre-check for immune factors is small mistake but the implication of transfusing the blood has resulted in adverse result which may result in death. Case study of Transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI) Case study of patients administered in hospital for receiving blood products, particularly plasma-containing products for hemolytic reasons. This is quite interesting case, after transfusing blood, the patient contracted transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). When careful investigation is done, though careful administration of right blood and patient identification is carried, the blood cells from the donor reacted with recipients white blood cells was evident. This resulted in the size of the lungs which allow the fluids to enter and may lead to death if not treated correctly. This incident is classified as adverse event, where careful observation is vital in delivering services. The nurse should take a note of reactions and report to higher staff and doctors. Based on the reaction of patients, the nurse should stop transfusing the blood as a precaution measure Human Factors: According to the Health and Safety Executive (1999, p. 2), Human factors influences the behavior of individuals or an organization based on factors like organizational, environmental and job which affects the health and safety of employees and employers. A simple way to view human factors is look into three aspects: the job, the individual and the behavior (Health and Safety Executive, 1999). Categorizing Human Failure It is very important to understand that human failures in relation to transfusion process are not random and there occur specific patterns for their implementation (Manser, 2009). Different types of failures that lead to major accidents in Healthcare sector are worth knowing: Unintentional Errors like slips/lapses, mistakes are basically unplanned actions and these must be eliminated during the training process of human factors. Errors usually occur during the accomplishment of a familiar task such as forgetting something or omissions, maintenance, calibration and testing errors. Mistakes, on the other hand are the errors of judgment and decision making and they appear in situations where nurse behavior is based on familiar procedures or unfamiliar situations where in which decisions are formed form the first principles and lead to miscalculations. By training the nursing staff and other health professionals in Transfusion department, these types of errors can be avoided (Mc Cormick, Wardrope 2003). International Errors involve violations and these differ from the above type of errors as these are well-meaning failure such as non-compliance of procedures or taking a short cut of Transfusion process. These are rarely willful (like sabotage) and usually occur from an intention of getting the job done quickly despite of consequences. These Violations cane be Routine (behavior in opposing to a rule and procedure), Exceptional (that prevail unusual and unpredicted circumstances), Situational (occur as a consequence of factors dictated by workers) and Acts of Sabotage (self explanatory and complex) (Manser 2009). Clinical blood transfusion contains multiple steps and is prone to error. Various studies showed most errors occur outside the clinical laboratory. Errors are likely to happen while collecting the blood components from storage facilities, performing transfusions and while monitoring patients before and after transfusion. The common fear is that patients get infected while receiving the blood components. It occurs very rare. SHOT acknowledges that only 1.4 % infected out of 4,334 adverse events between 1996 and 2007. The greatest risk lies in human error, administering blood to wrong patients or not intended to someone else, accounts to 62.7% of reported cases (SHOT, 2008) Patient Identification: While ensuring blood is administered to the right patient, scrupulous enquiry into patient details is mandatory. Identifying patients is vital and must be confirmed when pre-transfusion is taken, collecting the specimen from storage areas and when blood is injected. Checking the blood bag: Bacteria infected transfusions are major cause of deaths. The staff should remain vigilant and check for the contaminated blood components of red cells and platelet units (SHOT 2008). Nurses should check the blood bag for any discoloration or clumping and also expiry date of the product. Safe Collection: The person/ relative who retrieve the blood from the bank must take a written evidence of patients identity. This must be check against the patients identification band exactly. Details of patients must include such as first name, surname, date of birth and unique identification number (BCSH 1999). It minimizes the risk of being wrong blood collected and giving it to the wrong patient. Pre-administration check: Pre-administration check is vital in ensuring safety measure while donating blood. It includes checking the patient information on the blood pack against the label of the recipient. The staff can enquire with the patients about their details and cross-check with the identification band. Due to ambiguity or unconscious state of recipient, identity can be verified with second staff member and via recognition band. Based on compatibility report or patients note must not be considered as final checking procedure (NPSA, 2006). Nurse should remember the main 2 points. No identification band no transfusion, and always confirm with identity band. The blood group and donation number on the compatibility tie-on tag should match the blood component. If discrepancies are found during the process, the nurse should stop immediately and contact the transfusion laboratory. For example: DOB not matching with identity band. Continuity without distraction is important in verifying the information. In critical conditions, interruption can be allowed. Sometimes it makes them distract to perform checking from beginning to end. Monitoring: Studies show there are differing opinions of observing the patents during transfusion. It is generally agreed observations are recorded before administering. Rowe and Doughty (2000) highlights rate of response to reactions caused by blood without proper monitoring techniques. To respond quickly by the staff constant observation is mandatory. Prior administration checking blood pressure, pulse rate and temperature is recommended (BCSH 1999). During the entire process for every 15 minutes the above recommendations are repeated. Making notes of vital signs for every 15 min is suggested during the first hour and every 30 min from second hour (Castledine 2006). War strategists say that humans are likely to sleep in early hours of morning (3.00 am to 5.00 am). The sleep factor makes the observation bit difficult at night times. During delayed transfusion reactions being vigilant is challenging. System factors: System is defined as interaction with the physical, social and organization environment in which individual operate. It deals with Information technology devices, protocols, legal procedures, working environment, education and training etc. Reducing the medical adverse drug events (ADE) at St. Josephs medical centre, Illinois has led to automation of process. The medication process is quite lengthy and incidents such as unavailable patient information, miscommunication of medication, labeling and storage are often repeated. Information technology cannot replace the humans in critical care, but can reduce the repetitive tasks such as entering the pre-requisite details, including checks for problems. Humans are better than computers while taking complex decisions (Bates 2000). Reliance on individual is emphasized rather than automated systems when explaining errors and accidents (Parker and Lawton 2006). CPOE (computerized physician order system) has made great impact in prevention of medication errors, while orders are written online. The information is structured, contains details about the drug, dosage and frequency. Finally each order is verified for allergies and quantity of dose for patients suffering with kidney and liver problems. The invention of CPOE has resulted in 55% reduction in medication errors (Bates 1998). Decision to transfuse: The decision not to transfuse must outweigh the risk of transfusion. Each blood samples should be given to patient after consideration and when there are no alternatives. Further guidelines and indications can be found at www.bcshguidelines .org.uk and www.sign.ac.uk. Consent: It is better to discuss the treatment option before a decision is reached for prescribing blood components in clinical practices (McClleland 2007). To gain consent for treatment, the patient (parents/guardian) should have access to information about the risks. The patient has the right to refuse the transfusion by assessing the risk factors and alternative techniques. Some may reject the based on religious grounds or because of risks. In cases like these, the nurse should refer to local hospital policy for advice (Grey et al 2007) Religious group Jehovahs Witness, because of their bible-based faith they keep abstaining from blood components. They have a durable power of autonomy (DPA) and the Advance Medical Directive/Release card as into a single legal document, which explains their stand and treatment options. Local hospital policies: Blood is given voluntarily in UK. The hospital authorities have to ensure the blood is used effectively and for the benefit of patients. The nurses should be aware with local hospital policies related to effective use of blood, storage and transportation. Each blood unit is precious; if unused it should be sent back to laboratory to maximize the use by other patients. Safety culture: There is often blame culture. When things go wrong, people may threaten them with disciplinary measures or termination from services. Such individuals should be held accountable, but it acts as deterrent in reporting the adverse event (Department of Health, 2007, p.77). The communication and mutual respect is important, to be an effective team player. Some junior doctors have not found good reasons to transfusion, and are in dilemma about the treatment. They have fear of challenging the treatment options and often budge. In situations like these open debate or discussion should be welcomed by the higher officials, which benefits the patients. There are cases, unnecessarily blood transfusion are opted repeatedly which risks the patient recovery. Recommendations: Alternative techniques: Human errors are inevitable though much care are precision are followed. Blood is an organ and complications are expected while transfusing. There has been a debate about whether blood transfusion is really necessary. Jehovahs witnesses are known world-wide for bloodless surgeries. They have various alternative techniques. In October 2006, Reforma reported more than 30 blood transfusion alternatives. They include cauterizing blood vessels, covering organs with special gauze that releases chemicals that inhibit bleeding, and using blood-volume expanders. Time magazine says the total operative cost for the blood transfusion, the bill comes between $1 billion and $2 billion annually. Sharon Vernon, director for bloodless medicine admits that people are becoming aware of the benefits of bloodless surgeries and its cost cutting environment. The recovery of people is commendable Education and Training: The nurses and midwives needs to be updated with skills and competencies to understand the peri-operative conditions of blood transfusions. To participate in clinical transfusion, NHS Quality Improvement Scotland in 2006 has initiated education initiative and equivalent roles which is a prerequisite for nurses. Role of patients: Ethics published by NMC are available in respecting the patient rights when opting treatment. The patient can play an active role in reducing the accidents by making scrupulous search into the options available, benefits and risks associated. For further information, leaflets are available at hospitals and web resources can be helpful. Conclusion: Patient safety is vital in providing good care. The NHS has worked with NPSA to implement the guidelines for preventing of errors or hazards. Though systems are designed to make error free, complete elimination of mistakes is not possible as we have tendency to err. The literature discusses the human and system factors of blood transfusion. Though pre-administration check, identification of blood bags are done properly, immune factors of the donor has to be tested. The whole process is riskier and involves cost which is burden. Despite safety precautions, it is best to go for blood less surgery which is infection-free; recovery from surgery is almost double and the total cost of surgery is affordable. Competency based training and education enables the nurses and staff to deal successfully with adverse reactions.

What is Style? :: Writing Style Styles Essays

What is Style? The overall concept of Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style and Joseph Williams Style Toward Clarity and Grace is to educate those who wish to better their writing ability. If one wanted to become better at a sport they would research principles of that sport to become a better athlete. Similarly, if one wanted to become a better athlete they would return to the basics in order to make sure that they knew what they were doing. I think that same idea is present in educating oneself to becoming a better writer, a better historian, a better mathematician, a better athlete, a better philosopher, a better linguist, whatever it is that one wants to become better at will involve an open-mind and the ability to learn combined with some motivation. According to Kirsten Jensen, â€Å"Although writing is associated with creativity, the writing process involves study and effort, as well as sensitivity and talent.† The first step taken often includes becoming open-minded to resources available in order to further ones ability, whether it’s athletic or academic. After making the conscious decision to open oneself to such resources, one can only benefit from what they have learned. Strunk, White and Williams offer advice that can be taken as law or reference, but I think the over all concepts of books like these are not written with in them. For example, distinguishing the difference between the two has only shown me exactly what style is. In fact the Webster’s dictionary explains style as, â€Å"a distinctive manner of expression.† Strunk and White explain style to be, â€Å"†¦ the writer and therefore what you are, rather than what you know, will at last determine your style." I have learned very much from these books. In Strunk and White, I have learned that I will always have a great reference book handy. I particularly liked the chapter about words that are misused. Some of these words included, all right instead of alright. All right is commonly used as a way to express ‘okay’ or ‘go ahead.’ Other words to watch out for are allusion and illusion, allude and elude, and effect and affect. As a reference that chapter will help me if I’m unsure about a word. However, I know using or misusing a word might make my writing more unique. Knowing when to use or misuse words is the true question. What is Style? :: Writing Style Styles Essays What is Style? The overall concept of Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style and Joseph Williams Style Toward Clarity and Grace is to educate those who wish to better their writing ability. If one wanted to become better at a sport they would research principles of that sport to become a better athlete. Similarly, if one wanted to become a better athlete they would return to the basics in order to make sure that they knew what they were doing. I think that same idea is present in educating oneself to becoming a better writer, a better historian, a better mathematician, a better athlete, a better philosopher, a better linguist, whatever it is that one wants to become better at will involve an open-mind and the ability to learn combined with some motivation. According to Kirsten Jensen, â€Å"Although writing is associated with creativity, the writing process involves study and effort, as well as sensitivity and talent.† The first step taken often includes becoming open-minded to resources available in order to further ones ability, whether it’s athletic or academic. After making the conscious decision to open oneself to such resources, one can only benefit from what they have learned. Strunk, White and Williams offer advice that can be taken as law or reference, but I think the over all concepts of books like these are not written with in them. For example, distinguishing the difference between the two has only shown me exactly what style is. In fact the Webster’s dictionary explains style as, â€Å"a distinctive manner of expression.† Strunk and White explain style to be, â€Å"†¦ the writer and therefore what you are, rather than what you know, will at last determine your style." I have learned very much from these books. In Strunk and White, I have learned that I will always have a great reference book handy. I particularly liked the chapter about words that are misused. Some of these words included, all right instead of alright. All right is commonly used as a way to express ‘okay’ or ‘go ahead.’ Other words to watch out for are allusion and illusion, allude and elude, and effect and affect. As a reference that chapter will help me if I’m unsure about a word. However, I know using or misusing a word might make my writing more unique. Knowing when to use or misuse words is the true question.

Essay --

Section A: Plan of Investigation Between 1940 and 1944, France was occupied by the German Army during World War II. The war saw the emergence of Coco Chanel as a Nazi spy, due to her openly anti-Semitic feelings, independence in business and influence as a couture designer (Vaughan 230). For these qualities she was recruited in to the Abwehr, the German military intelligence organization (134). To determine the extent of Coco Chanel’s involvement in Nazi missions the investigation will examine the following factors; personal relationships with high level officials allowing her elite conduct, her collaborations with Nazis in Paris, the nature of her work for the German military intelligence service and Himmler’s S.S. and did all of these factors designate her as a Nazi spy? Section B: Summary of Evidence Personal Relationships with High Level Officials †¢ Coco Chanel had an intimate relationship with Hans Gunther van Dincklage, a high ranking German official (Vaughan 141). †¢ Dincklage arranged for Chanel to stay at German occupied hotel, The Ritz. Giving her unrestricted access to German Headquarters in France (141). †¢ Romantic ties with the Duke of Westminster (â€Å"Coco Chanel†). †¢ Next door neighbor and friend of Fern Bedaux, Nazi collaborator ( Vaughan 151). †¢ Close relationship with British Ambassador to Spain, Sir Samuel Hoare (Samuel). †¢ Chanel was pardoned for her crimes by Winston Churchill (237). †¢ Never formally charged as a collaborator due to Churchill’s intervention (â€Å"Coco Chanel†). †¢ Churchill intervened in both her arrest and trial (Samuel). †¢ Spared from a public trial by British Royal family (Walker). Collaborations with Nazis in Paris †¢ One of few civilians living in German Headquarters (Vaughan 141). †¢ Visas for Ch... ...e political and social conflict of Chanel’s involvement has dissolved as new information has been declassified and readers are exposed to the intelligence once only known to government officials. Chanel agreed to work with the Nazi party in pursuit of her nephew’s return to her, not for her own personal beliefs and experience. Section E: Conclusion After Chanel’s two failed missions in sending letters of treaty negotiations she is not accredited with the label as a spy (Vaughan 199). However she is linked to the Nazi party, for her involvement with the Abwehr (134). Chanel is considered proactive in her strategy to recover her nephew. It can be justly claimed that Chanel, although involved in Nazi social circles and ambitions, was not a Nazi spy as she sought to bring peace and the safety of her nephew in her actions and proof of her missions were never recovered. Essay -- Section A: Plan of Investigation Between 1940 and 1944, France was occupied by the German Army during World War II. The war saw the emergence of Coco Chanel as a Nazi spy, due to her openly anti-Semitic feelings, independence in business and influence as a couture designer (Vaughan 230). For these qualities she was recruited in to the Abwehr, the German military intelligence organization (134). To determine the extent of Coco Chanel’s involvement in Nazi missions the investigation will examine the following factors; personal relationships with high level officials allowing her elite conduct, her collaborations with Nazis in Paris, the nature of her work for the German military intelligence service and Himmler’s S.S. and did all of these factors designate her as a Nazi spy? Section B: Summary of Evidence Personal Relationships with High Level Officials †¢ Coco Chanel had an intimate relationship with Hans Gunther van Dincklage, a high ranking German official (Vaughan 141). †¢ Dincklage arranged for Chanel to stay at German occupied hotel, The Ritz. Giving her unrestricted access to German Headquarters in France (141). †¢ Romantic ties with the Duke of Westminster (â€Å"Coco Chanel†). †¢ Next door neighbor and friend of Fern Bedaux, Nazi collaborator ( Vaughan 151). †¢ Close relationship with British Ambassador to Spain, Sir Samuel Hoare (Samuel). †¢ Chanel was pardoned for her crimes by Winston Churchill (237). †¢ Never formally charged as a collaborator due to Churchill’s intervention (â€Å"Coco Chanel†). †¢ Churchill intervened in both her arrest and trial (Samuel). †¢ Spared from a public trial by British Royal family (Walker). Collaborations with Nazis in Paris †¢ One of few civilians living in German Headquarters (Vaughan 141). †¢ Visas for Ch... ...e political and social conflict of Chanel’s involvement has dissolved as new information has been declassified and readers are exposed to the intelligence once only known to government officials. Chanel agreed to work with the Nazi party in pursuit of her nephew’s return to her, not for her own personal beliefs and experience. Section E: Conclusion After Chanel’s two failed missions in sending letters of treaty negotiations she is not accredited with the label as a spy (Vaughan 199). However she is linked to the Nazi party, for her involvement with the Abwehr (134). Chanel is considered proactive in her strategy to recover her nephew. It can be justly claimed that Chanel, although involved in Nazi social circles and ambitions, was not a Nazi spy as she sought to bring peace and the safety of her nephew in her actions and proof of her missions were never recovered.

Comparing Utilitarianism and the Judeo-Christian Ethic Essay -- John

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine which essentially states that which is good is that which brings about the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill believed that the decisions we make should always benefit the most people as much as possible regardless of the consequences to the minority or even yourself. He would say all that matters in the decision of right versus wrong is the amount of happiness produced by the consequences. In the decisions we make Mill would say that we need to weigh the outcomes and make our decision based on that outcome that benefits the majority. For Mill, pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decisions or actions. The Judeo-Christian ethic embraced by Augustine places questions of right and wrong under the authority of a divine creator - God. The Judeo-Christian ethic can be summed up in one word - Love. In Matthew 22:40 Jesus says: 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love you neighbor as yourself.'; When Augustine said, 'Love God and do what you will';, I believe he is asserting the fact that when a person loves God truly he or she is in God's will. John 14:15 says, 'If you love me, you will obey what I command.'; If a person obeys God which is loving God and loving his creation then a person is in his will. The decisions made by a person in God's will are thus ethical decision in view of ...

Research Paper on Polio

This papers is the short sum-up on the virus Polio and how WHO and GPEI are working towards doing the universe infantile paralysis free. This besides includes on the Epidemiology and History on PolioTable of Contentss Etiology of Diseases Epidemiology History and Time period development Ecological / Evolution theoretical account or political economic system theoretical account Medical and Social Awareness to forestall disease Contribution by Medical Anthropological into development Decision Plants CitedEtiology of DiseasesPolio virus began with Ancient Egyptian and so it was found among many people throughout the universe. It would be hard to state where it originated or where was it origin. However we can state its root are merely present in 4 states by 2014 and out universe will be Polio Free universe. Cause of infantile paralysis can be different that from HIV, infantile paralysis is caused due to usage of contaminated H2O and nutrient. Besides the major spread of this disease is caused because of the contaminated stool. Peoples were before really easy on utilizing disgusting nutrient or imbibe any H2O. Besides this virus is extremely contagious and this dispersed rapidly among people to people. This virus affects the cardinal nervous system therefore doing the victim paralyzed [ 1 ] .EpidemiologyPolio has cause many job through the universe. Many kids suffered from major palsy and their life became disabled. Doctors and Research workers had being their work on 1930 and they focused on taking infantile paralysis from the universe. They began proving vaccinum and therefore became successful. It was in 1988, the World Health Organization took and inaugural and adopted an attack to eliminate polio worldwide. It formed a group called Global Polio Eradication Initiative ( GPEI ) , who was funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [ 2 ] . Globally every state took active portion in the GPEI plan. They created consciousness among people for the demand of the vaccinum. WHO of many portion started this enterprise, by 1988 where an estimated figure of victim were 350,000 in about 215 counties is brought down to merely 4 states to 406 instances in 2013 [ 3 ] . This is great betterment for the life of people. It is believed that 10 million people walking today would hold been paralysis if this remedy was non found, along with that the figure of child decease would hold been 1.5 million.History and Time period developmentIt is believed that first polio intelligence was made cognizant at Rutland Country, Vermont, United States of America in 1894. There was a physician who noticed palsy among people. He besides noted that infantile paralysis could be caused without or with palsy. He besides said â€Å"The component of contagium does non come in into the etiology either. I find but a individual case in which more than one member of a household had the disease, and as it normally occurred in households of more than one kid and as no attempts were made at isolation, it is really certain that it was non-contagious.† [ 4 ] —Charles Caverly, MD, Infantile Paralysis in Vermont There were some 132 instances reported, most of them were lasting palsy. Besides in this image you can see a kid with left leg being paralyzed [ 5 ] . This was consequence of infantile paralysis. Besides the Doctor discovered in 1905 that this disease is contagious and therefore can be caused with approaching in contact with another individual. But it is besides believed that Polio was present manner before the 19th century. We know that Egyptian were the first one to care on rock. Peoples have found one rock where the individual is shown palsy on his leg [ 6 ] . Since beginning of 19th century, there has been great incident go oning and many research worker and physician have examined palsy instances bespeaking it being resulted from infantile paralysis [ 7 ] . It is calculated that more than 2000 people died in lone New York City in 1916 because of infantile paralysis. This became a major concern for people. It is estimated that 2.5 billion or more kids have been the victim of this diseases by 1988. Way back in 1930 & A ; 1950 the work for the Vacancies had began and the physicians started doing vacancies which can bring around this diseases. It is therefore estimated that by 2006 merely 4 states had the presence of infantile paralysis. And accurate and program run are taking topographic point to make consciousness and therefore the mission to take infantile paralysis is about to be fulfilled. United States of America was the first state who was successful in eliminating infantile paralysis virus wholly 1994 [ 8 ] .Ecological / Evolution theoretical account or political economic system theoretical accountWe all know when it comes to the political subdivision, our leaders can travel to any extend in order to acquire the ballots. The Tuskegee institute was opened and founded by the March of dimes during the epoch of 1941. The centre was originally establishing for the infantile paralysis subsisters and politicians have played really large function in it. Franklin Roosevelt had founded this rehabilitation in the 1920, before he became president and he said by himself that this rehabilitation centre will merely let Whites people. Segregation at warm spring in province of Georgia became a beginning of political concern when Roosevelt foremost ran for the president for the reelection in the 1936. Roosevelt Franklin used warm spring as his chief topographic point or you can as hi s personal retreat centre, people who were against him in that country were discontinue with the attention of infantile paralysis that was provided by the rehabilitation centre. Particularly inkinesss were the most who were affected by this act. But there were rumours about the president that he was besides affected by this disease called the infantile paralysis in which he was addicted to the drugs and sexually impotent and needed heterosexual jacket all the clip. On the other manus President Roosevelt merely wants to derive more ballots. In order to note the Democratic Party, while the Republicans were claiming that Democratic Party isn’t prominent to the inkinesss.Medical and Social Awareness to forestall disease Medical and Science have worked truly difficult to do this possible. WHO with aid of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have created many positive runs to take the infantile paralysis. Even many states like India have Polio Sunday where the kids are given free vaccinum of infantile paralysis. This manner educating people helps them to understand the demand of working and contending difficult to take this virus else their life would be hard.Contribution by Medical Anthropological into developmentMedical Anthropological is cardinal thing into any research. For infantile paralysis it had helped really greatly. Early on in 1930, physicians had found the vaccinum for the disease nevertheless it was non so effectual, in fact it had some side effects [ 9 ] . The best vaccinum is which has no side consequence to human organic structure and it does the work for the intent. Hence physicians started happening more inside informations about what is the disease and how is it dispersed. So larning about worlds and they analysing the form of the life manner is a portion of Medical Anthropology. With this they infact found there are three types of infantile paralysis virus. The most unsafe wild virus is Virus B. And with this survey merely they could happen the right vaccinum for the remedy of the disease. Besides the contagious diseases nature of the disease is consequence of this survey merely. Medical Anthropological therefore has ever greatly helped to the development of the vaccinum and it has besides helped the scientific discipline in many ways. Without understanding the forms of the life manner of people it really hard to reason on what could hold really caused the disease and therefore happening the remedy for it.DecisionPolio was really dangerousdiseases. Many people have suffered due to this disease. We should be greatly grateful to World Health Organization and their enterprise on GPEI, which has lessening the per centum of infantile paralysis to 99 % . Soon it will fall in the list of disease like Small Pox who happening is zero in universes.Plants Cited( 1916, 6 17 ) . Retrieved April 20, 2014, from New York City Polio Epidemic: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/polio First U.S. Polio Epidemic. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 20, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/polio History of infantile paralysis. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 20, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Historyofpolio.aspx History of Polio. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 20, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/polio Poliomyelitis. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 27, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //chealth.canoe.ca/condition_info_details.asp? disease_id=314 Poliomyelitis. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 21, 2014, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/ Anthropology Research Paper on Polio – AmandeepRakkar

Children Literature

Children Literature in a Pluralistic Society Mariela Cuevas ENG/290 June 1, 2012 Dr. Denese Wolff How theoretical models and critical approaches apply to children’s literature. The importance of understanding the complexity of the way children’s learn is crucial. Each age faces a different challenge and opens a door to a new learning step. Children are like sponges and the responsibility of teaching children is an experience that only teachers that have the passion of education can understand.Children develop a personality and character within the first seven years therefore selecting a good school is as important as creating good food habits, sleeping routine, or reading the appropriate books. Every action can create an impact in a child. Prospective teachers have the responsibility to learn how children develop and the complexity of each age. Learning to understand children’s abilities and curiosity can only be a benefit for the child and the teacher. The book selected is â€Å"The Giving Tree† by Shel Silverstain.This book offers a message that teaches a good lesson about the importance of giving and receiving. The book is very simple vocabulary, and nice simple designs as well. Easy to read, and understand. â€Å"The Giving Tree† offers a simple environment in which the reader can relate. The little boy growing at the same time as the tree is. The tree offers any assistance to please the boy without expecting anything in return but company and fulfilled the need of being needed. The history at the end leaves a good sensation. There are many theories about the child development; however, four of them are relevant to mention.The theory of Jean Piaget focused on the intellectual development. Erik Erikson wanted to understand better about children social development, and Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the moral side. The fourth theory from Vygotsky although explains about social development differs significantly from the rest of theories. One theory that would apply for this book would be the Kohlberg’s Theory of the development of moral judgment in which children start learning about what is right and wrong in life. Kohlberg divides his theory in two stages, or levels, the pre-conventional and the conventional. The Giving Tree† is a book in which children read about giving and receiving. Children learn about sharing moments fun and not so happy too. The book also touch the subject about the evolution of life starting with a little boy looking to play in the swing and ending with an elder man looking to sit. Books as â€Å"The Giving Tree† can offer a different message during the childhood, because every age has a different level if understanding therefore â€Å"The Giving Tree† is a highly recommend lecture for children even after the elementary age.

Outline of the Nayar of India Essay

The Nayar are a matrilineal society that resides in southwest India. They have a unique social organization and culture. Their extended family is among foraging bands, and are formulated of a nuclear family is the basic unit of production and consumption. Culture and religion is one that is serious and all people living under the political jurisdiction are required to follow the state religion. When it comes to kinship, class prearranges children marriages in order to maintain land, wealth, and power within the group. There is still division between the roles between men and women. Men still considered women, inferior and restricted to the household and men are superior and more intelligent. Today life for the Nayar of India is changing the roles of men and women, with technology rising in communities and becoming more educated women are now leaving their homes for employment. As times change with new technology, the people of Nayar never forget the importance of religion and family. I. Beliefs and Values 1. Family 2. Culture 3. Religion II. Kinship 1. Children 2. Ownership of land 3. Marriages III. Gender Relations 1. The roles between men and women 2. Duties portrayed as a community 3. Changes in gender responsibility References: NAYAR FAMILY AND KINSHIP: A STUDY IN CHANGE AND CONTINUITY http://www.isec.ac.in/Nayar_family_and_kinship_A_study_in_change_and_continuity. Pdf Nowak, B., & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Religion and International Relations http://site.ebrary.com.proxy- library.ashford.edu/lib/ashford/search.action?adv.x=1&p00=Nayar+of+India

Poisonwood Bible: Analysis of Ruth May

Point/Purpose: The classic novel The Poisonwood Bible, by Barbara Kingsolver, features, among her three other sisters and mother, Ruth May Price, who is the 5 year old daughter of Reverend Nathan Price, who has been stationed in the Congo for a mission trip in the name of the Baptist Church in the year 1959, a time when many of the racial biases and attitudes toward Africans and women are still prevalent in the US, especially the Prices home state of Georgia.These biases and views have rubbed off on Ruth May, who as a young child absorbs and regurgitates all that she hears and experiences, which is why Ruth May represents the ignorance of some Western views towards the customs and general bias towards anyone with an African background. However, as she is integrated into her new society, Ruth May is able to befriend the entirety of the children in the settlement.Quotation/question: The biased way that Ruth May has been taught to see her future, along with how young and uneducated she is shown when she says, â€Å"Father says a girls can’t go to college because they’ll pour water in your shoes,† (pg 117). The way that Ruth May talks about her own gender and the Africans is very ignorant. Commentary: Ruth May has been affected by her surroundings very dramatically.The way that she thinks about Africans and women in a lesser manner than American men shows makes her situation a perfect example of nature vs.nurture. In this case, Ruth May is a product of her past, and her biased outlook on life is due to the way that she was brought up in the southern United States, which was a hotbed for racism in the early to mid-20th century. This state of mind is not permanent, however. Ruth May is just a child, and it is believed that children’s minds are the most moldable, so even though she had a prejudiced mind Ruth May has changed by hanging around the African kids.Ruth May is not only a character, as she could very well be an attempt by the autho r to show the biased nature of the south in 1959. Ruth May is an innocent result of her father and other men’s prejudice towards women and Africans. Technique: Barbara Kingsolver’s method to defining Ruth May’s character is based on her limited vocabulary and grammar knowledge, along with showing how she is a sponge for information.The way that Ruth May is allowed to be within the vicinity of conversations that the other girls would normally be unable to listen into shows how it is believed that, since she is just a young child, she is unable of making sense of the more mature topics that may be discussed. And this is true for the most part, as Ruth May mostly just simply files away the information that she may have been privy to. The author shows clearly Ruth May’s age along with her innocence and ability to accept information easily by writing from her point of view in the way that it would be expected a 5-year-old would think and act.

Business Model of Amazon

Opening of the internet to commercial activity, the creation of naming conventions for URLs and the development of a user friendly and free interface i. e. the browser were the three major developments that led to the advent of what is known as â€Å"e-business†. As the economy has moved from agrarian to industrial to information age, the focus of the businessmen or the wealthy and powerful has also shifted in terms of the ways of obtaining wealth or doing business. In the agrarian age there was shortage of land which made ownership of land as the determinant of value.Powerful land barons typically accumulated vast tracts of land and coerced people who were bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord into living on and working it. As economy moved from agrarian to industrial age, physical assets owned by a firm became the determinants of value and shortage of raw-materials led the powerful industrialists to conspire to control the supply of raw materials. In this age, the m arket could absorb as much product as the industrialists could produce.The current era in which we live has been defined as the information age wherein relationships and intellectual capital are more important than anything else. One is not worried about physical assets anymore. Companies don’t compete with each other over superior products as they are largely commoditized rather compete increasingly on the basis of value added customer services. The economic battles of today are fought over the mind-space of consumers. In the information age power-play customers are not passive participants, in the way that land and raw materials were in the agrarian and industrial ages.In fact, according to Zang Hailing, it is the customers' time that is in short supply, and therefore for any firm to succeed, emphasis needs to be given to the importance of reducing the customers' time to adopt a new product. Thus, in a world where technology is changing every day and the transformation of c onsumers has happened from â€Å"Price Takers† to â€Å"Price Makers† as they are armed with more options and information; the companies that control more and more customer relationships will be the ones that hold the power in an industry and reap the lion's share of the profits.E-commerce or e-business is an important tool that enables companies to reach out to the global market at low cost and provides abundant information about the consumers’ requirements and preferences easily which was not so easy earlier. Following figure is a glimpse of the promising future that the ecommerce industry holds. The US E-commerce has seen a 40% increase in the sales over the past 5 years as a percentage of the total retail sales in US. Source: http://ycharts. com Now when thinks about e-commerce, the first name that comes to everyone’s mind is that of Amazon. com.Not only most of the people have heard about it but there are many people who have actually used its servic es. Amazon was not only one of the few of the companies that thrived throughout the period in which many dot-com companies struggled to survive but has been constantly performing exceptionally well in terms of revenue per visitor which is one of the key parameters for any commercial website. Amazon has had one of the fastest growths in the internet’s history with revenues reaching $2, 8 billion in the first five years with Google’s revenue reaching only $15bn in the first five years.Now, just like any other traditional business in order to clearly understand an e-business one needs to have information on the following components: a) Business Strategy which determines the products and service offerings by the firm, the firms targeted customers and the firms value proposition. It also helps firms decide on the choices and the tradeoffs that the firm needs to make. b) Organizational form or structure c) Business processes which refer to the unique ways in which organizati ons coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce a product or service. ) Value Chain i. e. the sequence of activities that a firm undertakes to create value, including the various steps of the supply chain but also additional activities, such as marketing, sales, and service. e) Core Competencies which are the collective learning’s of the firms and being distinctive create long term competitive advantage for the firm. From the beginning, the focus of Amazon. com has been on offering their customers compelling value. In the current report filing dated 04/13/12, Jeffrey Bezos, the founder and CEO of Amazon. om writes â€Å"We realized that the Web was, and still is, the World Wide Wait. Therefore, we set out to offer customers something they simply could not get any other way, and began serving them with books. We brought them much more selection than was possible in a physical store (our store would now occupy 6 football fields), and presente d it in a useful, easy-to-search, and easy-to-browse format in a store open 365 days a year, 24 hours a day. † The Value Proposition offered by Amazon. com is â€Å"earth’s largest selection—24/7, at competitive price. † Amazon. om has continuously focused on improving the shopping experience owing to which they substantially enhanced their stores in 1997. Though they started off with books, they now offer customers gift certificates, 1-ClickSM shopping, and vastly more reviews, content, browsing options, and recommendation features. The company’s stated goal was to â€Å"be Earth’s most customer centric company for three primary customer sets: consumers, sellers and developers. † It targeted its first set of customers through its initial retail model where it sold only books.It offered the perfect combination of low prices, large selection and convenience or customer experience. The digital media allowed limitless inventory, boosted c ustomer care and allowed higher margins and hence lowest prices. In 15 years Amazon went from 1 category to 16 main categories of books. Amazon began with books and needed to grow big fast. From 1995-1998, Amazon moved from books to music and again through the same combination moved to become the biggest seller of music in just 120 days! Amazon moved on develop its own digital driven supply chain and distribution network by hiring from the expert: Wal-Mart.Amazon accelerated development through its strategy of â€Å"Build, buy, partner† a) Build: Amazon keeps on creating new categories. For example, Amazon kicked off a new service by the name MyHabit. com in May 2011 that made fashion available to consumers directly from designers and boutique brands. b) Buy: When there is a lot of competition in any area and the competitors have a strong hold, Amazon believes in buying out the incumbent. Few of the acquisitions made by Amazon include Internet Movie Database  (IMDb), Zappos (an online shoe and apparel retailer) etc. ) Partner: Amazon has also entered into a lot of merchant partnerships. It offers its technological service and ecommerce expertise to third- parties. For example in October 2011, Amazon. com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, The Sandman, and Watchmen. As mentioned before as well, Amazon want to be the â€Å"world’s most customer-centric† company, and so their focus is on the â€Å"Customer Service†. It ensures customer loyalty through three main approaches: a) Recurring usage b) Seamless Integration c) Lock-inThe following table tells us how Amazon uses all above mentioned approaches for its both customers: Sellers and consumers. | Sellers| Consumers| Recurring Usage| a. Developed a customer base close to 615mn users that can’t be ignored by sellers b. Ensures profit through optimized and reliable technology c. Developed a trusted Brand name| a. Created an ecosystem through Kindle b. Stores user’s media library c. Offers personalization to customers d. Gives special offers everyday| Seamless Integration| a. Monitors sellers rating ratings posted by consumers and expels sellers with bad ratings b.Offers Fulfillment by Amazon service(FBA) which allows third party sellers to use Amazon’s large warehouse and distribution network| a. For customers, all the sellers are highly commoditized and invisible. They buy it because of the Amazons brand value b. Get benefitted by Amazon Prime and free super saver shipping| Lock-in| a. By controlling or owning the customer accounts b. High level of infrastructure development required to ensure same level of customer service as offered by Amazon| a. By providing digital content that works only on Kindle b. Amazon Prime Program which requires annual subscription| | c. | c. |Amazon developed a value chain of itself for internal appraisal so as to identify its strengths and weaknesses that would help it add value and maintain a competitive advantage. Amazon uses the value chain model from Michael Porter’s book, â€Å"Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. † The first table represents the Primary activities of Amazon which are needed to produce a product or services for the end customers. Inbound logistics| Operations| Outbound logistics| Marketing ; Sales| Service| Avoids the overhead and large amounts of inventory carrying cost because it orders the books from the distributors. Easy and fast payment systems. Online customer systems and feedback. | Operates a number of transportation hubs that they refer to as injection points. Injection point locations are located in heavily customer concentrated areas. | Customer tracking  is an Amazon stronghold through which it provides personalized customers’ experience| Free return policy within 30 days. Uses marketplace to incr ease channel and range of goods through 3rd parties and customers. Highly reduced returns to suppliers (such as unsold books and media) due to available accurate forecasting technology | Customized buyer experience| Ability to aggregate orders bound for specific locations. | Interactive shipping and parceling price calculations. Free delivery based on single transaction spends. | Price comparison of new products with used products in marketplace shops. | Efficiently gathering information about customer experiences to inform service inputs and inventory controls. | 24 hour warehouse operations to meet customer demands. |   Utilizes the capabilities of its supply chain partners to deliver orders directly to ustomers which bypass the Amazon. com internal distribution center network|   Discounts and price reductions made available with suggested product mixes. Similar products recommended to customers interactively. | Offers customers gift certificates, 1-Click SM shopping, and vast ly more reviews, content, browsing options, and recommendation features. | The next table gives information about the various support activities performed by Amazon which help to facilitate or assist its primary activities. | Value Creation| Cost Reduction| Firm Infrastructure| Huge central customer data warehouse available to all business units. Amazon’s single technology platform with services being incrementally distributed to other worldwide locations, reduces costs by leveraging investments | Human Resource Management| Amazon. com has a great training for its employees resulting in talented, smart and hard working group. Offers employees unique benefits such as medical, paid time off and stock grants and relocation allowances and hence attract highly skilled workers| Amazon utilizes independent contractors and temporary personnel to supplement their workforce, particularly on a seasonal basis.Although Amazon has works councils and statutory employee representation obliga tions in certain countries, Amazon’s employees are not represented by a labor union| Technology Development| High investments in technology development (e. g. , Kindle) to best leverage digital products. Innovations such as personalized recommendations, one-click ordering, and search inside the book are all Amazon. com innovations. Highly customized software applications that support their supply chain business model. For example, Amazon. om is linked into Ingram's systems to see Ingram inventory levels when deciding whether to use Ingram to drop ship an order to a customer | Building an IT strategy, IT infrastructure and Data Centre on Linux open source software thus reducing cost of technology development. Renting computing resources to other companies reduce total cost of ownership Using standard hardware systems from HP to reduce cost of maintenance and compatibility| Procurement| Utilizes a Sales and Operations (S&OP) planning process to determine forecasts for each rodu ct that it stores in its distribution center inventoryUses the strategic business unit – Booksurge to keep a rich inventory of digital copies of books so as to make this readily available for customers through print-on-demand and reduce the time of delivery | Specially built distribution Centers, warehouses and fulfillment Centers to increase the speed of order processing thus avoiding transaction costs of contracting out| In addition to the business strategies the value chain components mentioned above, the success of Amazon. om can be attributed to the entrepreneurial spirit of its founder & chief executive officer Jeff Bezos and the strong inclination of the firm towards bringing about innovation in the business model. Let us discuss both factors one by one. Entrepreneurial Spirit of Jeff Bezos: Jeff Bezos can be regarded as the forward-looking CEO responsible for the success of Amazon. com. He has not only efficiently managed the present but through his long term vision a lways taken steps to create the future. The computer science and electrical engineering graduate from Princeton University moved to Seattle after resigning as a Senior Vice-President at D.E. Shaw, a Wall Street investment bank. At the time Bezos didn’t know much about the Internet but he came across a statistic that the Internet was growing at 2300%, which convinced him that it was a large growth opportunity. Without knowing anything more, he plunged into the world of e-commerce with no prior retailing experience. It was his decision to locate the company in Seattle because it had a large pool of technical talent and since it was close to one of the largest book wholesalers located in Rosenburg, Oregon.Moreover, the sales tax laws for online retailers state that one has to charge sales tax in the state in which one is incorporated. Therefore it was logical to locate in a small state. Under his guidance and logical thinking Amazon. com quickly became the leader in e-commerce. Operating 24 hours a day, the site was user-friendly and encouraged browsers to post their own reviews of books and offering discounts, personalized recommendations, and searches for out-of-print books. In June 1998 it began selling CDs, and later that year it added videos.In 1999 Bezos, looking at the future trends, added auctions to the site and invested in other virtual stores. The success of Amazon. com encouraged other retailers, including major book chains, to establish online stores. As more companies battled for Internet dollars, Bezos saw the need to diversify, and by 2005 Amazon. com offered a vast array of products, including consumer electronics, apparel, and hardware. And with the Jeff Bezos vision to make every book ever in print in any language available to the consumer in 60 seconds, Amazon launched the handheld device called Kindle in 2007.Bezos is the quintessential dot-com icon. He proved to the business world that the Internet was about more than knowledge. He pr oved that it is possible to overcome fears about purchasing online, to drive down transaction costs, and to build an international e-commerce business over the Internet. He had the courage to attempt something that people doubted could be done. . At the age of 35, Jeff Bezos was picked as the 1999 Time person of the year. Describing why it chose Bezos, Time magazine said, â€Å"Bezos’  vision  of the online retailing universe was so complete, his Amazon. om site so elegant and appealing that it became from Day One the point of reference for anyone who had anything to sell online. † Innovation in the Business Model: Amazon survived the dot-com bust because it had a viable and innovative  business model  built around a market-changing customer value proposition and a radical profit formula and over it has been able to sustain its position as the leader in e-commerce by bringing about continuous innovations in its business model. Let us look at some of the differe nt dimensions wherein Amazon. om has been able to bring about business innovation. a) Offerings: By offering a handheld device dedicated to reading, Kindle, Amazon. com revolutionized the books industry. By creating a product like Kindle, the created a perfect, integrated and streamlined customer experience. b) Platform: With Amazon Web Services, Fulfillment By Amazon, and Kindle Direct Publishing, Amazon is creating powerful self-service platforms that allow thousands of people to boldly experiment and accomplish things that would otherwise be impossible or impractical. ) Customers: In 2002 Amazon launched a web services platform and identified a new area of potential growth by finding another new customer—the IT community. Serving this new customer's needs required different processes, different resources, and a different profit formula—in short, another  new business model. d) Customer Experience: 1-Click combined with Gift-Click and Wish List made Amazon. com the most convenient, easiest-to-use shopping destination the holiday season.Wish List allows customers to post the gifts they'd most like to receive from family and friends, while Gift-Click allows customers to send gifts easily by entering just the e-mail addresses of their recipients. e) Value Capture: By opening up its storefront to other retailers that were essentially competitors, Amazon transformed its business from direct sales to a sales-and-service model, aggregating many sellers under one virtual roof and receiving commissions from the other companies' sales. ) Supply Chain: Fulfillment by Amazon service (FBA) by Amazon is a classic example of innovating business model through supply chain. FBA allows third party sellers to use Amazon’s large warehouse and distribution network and in the last quarter of 2011, shipped tens of millions of items on behalf of sellers. When sellers use FBA, their items become eligible for Amazon Prime, for Super Saver Shipping, and for Amaz on returns processing and customer service.From the above discussion of Amazon’s business strategy, value chain analysis and the success factors we can conclude that Amazon has a robust Business model. Amazon’s business model fends off all the four threats. It has the costly-to-imitate financial and technological resources, it has developed protection against holdup by seamlessly vertically integrating its both the customers i. e. the sellers and the consumers. Reduced slack by locking-in the customers and the sellers and fights substitution through innovation in business model.