Prison System in Crisis Essay - 2449 Words

The prison system in England and Wales could reasonably be described as being in crisis. Discuss. The term crisis refers to an intense time of difficulty, trouble or danger, or a time when difficult decisions must be made. However, in the context of the prison system, it has to be looked at differently. This can be seen throughout the essay in how there have been times of danger, and difficult policy decisions made. In looking at whether these problems are important to the prison system, it has to be looked at whether it is hindering the purposes and objectives of prison. It is also worth noting that the prison system has been regarded in being in crisis for many years by the media and academics (Cavadino amp; Dignan, 2007). Thus it†¦show more content†¦In relation to rehabilitation it is clear to see the higher number in prison the less resources will be available for prisoners. The less resources available to prisoners will mean less time spent on individual cases limiting the chances of success in reformation. High Prison population and Overcrowding also lead on to the fact that there will be problems within the prison concerning staff. One of the problems in terms of staff will be the numbers available. With the increasing numbers, and the reductions in the prison budget, means the staff to prisoner ratio will continue to worsen. With this means that the supervision of prisoners will be less available which will reduce time out of cells and time in classes working towards rehabilitation. This also leads on to another problem within staff in prisons, in terms of their relation with the home office. The more prisoners coming into prisons increases the workload for the staff, this is without the relief of additional staff being employed. Staff unrest can lead to industrial action, which will lead to the breakdown of the prison service. The final factors that need considering in this account is the effect all of the above has on the security in prisons. Prisoners breaking out of prison are seen as causing massive problems. This is relatively non-existent in prisons today, since 1995/1996 there has been no escape from prisons (NOMS annual report 2011: 5). This means that in termsShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagesto stir up continue to expand every day. Some of these issues include the educational system, healthcare laws, unemployment and economic situations, not to mention the ongoing water drought crisis†¦all of which are major dilemmas in California. One major dilemma, however, is often ignored. Over the past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering inRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Rights Crisis898 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has the largest prison system in the world with over 2.2 million prisoners. 1,320,000 of those prisoners are blacks and hispanics. The justice system in the United States has unequal outcomes across racial groups. Although together they make up only 30% of the country’s population, black and hispanic men are 3 times more likely to end up behind bars for the same crime committed by white males, allowing them to make up 60% of the prison population. Private prisons, the War on Drugs and a civilRead MoreAfrican Prisons Are Human Rights Friendly1473 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction While prisons in Africa are often considered the worst in the world many other prisons systems are worse off in terms of violence, overcrowding and a host of other problems. This is not to argue that African prisons are human rights friendly. Many are in a deficient condition and their practices are at odds with human rights standards. However, prisons in many parts of the global are in crisis. Never before have there so many problems within penal systems and such large numbersRead MoreThe Effects of Overcrowded Conditions in US Prisons1564 Words   |  6 PagesDue to budget crises in states across the United States of America, state governments must cut funding to their punishment facilities causing overcrowding in prisons to increase every day. Overcrowded prisons pose a potential breeding ground for crime as hundreds of inmates are squeezed into small accommodations. Thousands of low-level offenders receive jail sentences each day, these criminals make up about a third of the in mates in the United States. In the words of Republican Governor Mitch DanielsRead MoreIncarceration Within The Federal Bureau Of Prisons1195 Words   |  5 PagesFederal Bureau of Prisons has increased more than 700 percent since the 1970’s, between the different type of ethnicity. Billions of dollars have spent to house offenders and to maintain their everyday life from rehabilitation programs, academic education, vocational training, substance abuse programs and medical care. The cost of incarceration climbs according to the level of security based on violent and non-violent crimes. Fewer staff is required in minimum and medium-security prisons that house low-levelRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1678 Words   |  7 Pageseffectiveness of rehabilitation of convicted offenders in prison and under community supervision. Punishment is defined as a penalty that is imposed on an individual for doing something wrong. The term rehabilitation is defined as a way to help someb ody to return to good health or a normal life by providing training or therapy (StudyMode). If an individual commits a crime serious enough to warrant incarceration, then the individual is sent to prison as a form of punishment. While incarcerated the individualRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Population1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfter decades trying to prevent it, prison population continued to increase. Mandatory minimum sentences and the privatization created more prisoners, rather than cutting down on the amount incarcerations. Since the 1980’s, the prison population has quadrupled and today one in every one hundred adults are in prison (Mandatory Minimums (HBO)). Infact, America leads the world in prisoners with 20% of the earth’s prison population (The Prison Crisis). In a study done by The American Prospect, chartsRead MoreThe Issues Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthey need. The number of inmates serving time in jail or prison who suffer from mental illness continues to rise. In 2015 the Bureau of Justice reported that sixty five percent of state prisoners and fourth five percent of federal prisoners suffered from mental conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Individuals who suffer from these problems require special mental health treatment for their needs to be met. Many of our prisons and jails lack the necessary resources to care for theseRead MoreOrganizational Deviance And Termination And Interagency Collaboration1633 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused on how organizations can be deviant and ultimately terminated. It also focused on interagency collaboration in the criminal justice system. Section four’s central premise was organizational deviance and termination. The section started off by giving the readers a highlight of a particular case in 2003. Josiah Sutton was convicted to a 25 year prison sentence after being identified as the perpetrator for a rape. There was plenty of evidenc e against him, which ultimately led to his convictionRead MoreHow Organizations Can Be Deviant And Ultimately Terminated1622 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused on how organizations can be deviant and ultimately terminated. It also focused on interagency collaboration in the criminal justice system. Section four’s central premise was organizational deviance and termination. The section started off by giving the readers a highlight of a particular case in 2003. Josiah Sutton was convicted to a 25 year prison sentence after being identified as the perpetrator for a rape. There was plenty of evidence against him, which ultimately led to his conviction

Western Global Colonial Empire Building And Decline

Western Global Colonial Empire Building and Decline By: Max Dayton Colonial Expansion started as early as the fifteenth century with the European expansion into the Americas. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that was known as new imperialism (notes). During this time, new imperialism sparked the colonial empires expansion and this caused the colonial empires completely take off. These imperialist powers were inspired and motivated to build these colonial empires due to the economic, political and cultural values. These highly industrialized countries were in need of more raw materials like oil, copper, tin, and rubber along with industrial crops and stimulants (notes). Securing these raw materials would fuel their industrialized economies. Due to the domestic markets of Western Europe being full meaning no more increase of profit, these overseas colonies became more profitable. The economy was a large part important in building these colonial empires. In addition, each country wanted to further politically, so tha t each Western Empire wanted more prestige. This would show the more power and overall national security in competition with other Western countries. Culturally, each country wanted to be the most powerful and believed that their way of life was the greatest. With a strong feeling of cultural superiority, the Europeans felt a moral duty to their countries. This is where nationalism played a role. In many ways, the dominating countries likeShow MoreRelatedWestern Dominance And Its Effects On The Global Economy Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagescomposed of many false narratives of western dominance coming about as a result of some type of superiority, whether it was the European thought process, religion, culture, or even skin color. Western dominance, however, did not come from a place of superiority, but rather a streak of luck that allowed European countries to begin to colonize the rest of the world, cutting the world up into a few powerful colonial empires. Although today thes e colonial empires have diminished somewhat or entirelyRead MoreThe First Glimpse Of Globalization1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrevolutions. The renaissance is a prime example of an era when ideas and knowledge flourished and spread throughout Europe. This newfound age of discovery resulted in global territorial and population alterations. The renaissance spurred the discoveries of land and resources and their subsequent importance in achieving objective of western supremacy. Consequently, a wave of innovation assembled new navigational techniques and stimulated the mass manufacture of ships. The first glimpse of globalizationRead MoreThe French Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, Napoleon Conquests, European Colonialism1959 Words   |  8 Pagesbegin its history, only seeking for what is real and practicable in the application of its principles, and not what is speculative and hypothetical. After Brumaire in 1799, the coup d’à ©tat set Napoleon as the first supreme executive of a French Empire. After this Napoleon said â€Å"The Revolution is made fast on the principles on which it began; the Revolution is finished. (Gershoy, 1947) 3. Napoleon had lot of fame because he successfully overthrown the revolutionary government at the time andRead Moreï » ¿To what extent is Nationalism inherently aggressive and expansionist?5481 Words   |  22 Pagesthe type of Nationalism and the circumstances in which is arises and how people use or abuse it as an ideology. Heywood defines four main breeds of Nationalism; Liberal Nationalism, Conservative Nationalism, Expansionist Nationalism, Anti and post colonial Nationalism. One of the types of nationalism which is more likely to be inherently destructive and expansionist is Expansionist Nationalism, as its name suggests, is essentially destructive and expansionist. It advocates a form of national chauvinismRead MoreWhy is Africa so under-developed?1653 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic distribution. These groups are; the First World, the Second world and the Third world. Political reasons for a lack of development- In the late 19th century, European imperial powers (such as the British Empire) ended up occupying most of Africa. This created colonial territories leaving only Ethiopia and Liberia as the only independent countries. Britain occupied Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and Uganda, British Somaliland, Zimbabwe and Zambia (Southern and Northern Rhodesia), Botswana (Bechuanaland)Read MoreAssess the Significance of Strategic Factors in Bringing About Change in Relation to Expansion and Dismantling of the British Empire in Africa in the Period C1870 – C19812318 Words   |  10 Pageschange in relation to expansion and dismantling of the British Empire in Africa in the period c1870 – c1981 The British expansion into the Dark Continent rose as fast as it declined, although there were many contributing factors to expansion, those same factors then contributed to the decolonisation of the continent. Historian Bernard Porter argues that formal imperialism for Britain was a symptom and an effect of its relative decline in the world, and not of strength. Therefore it was strategicRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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At the time when developed nations were colonizing less developed nations around the 1870s, the age of Imperialism began. Referring to the time were nations such as the United States, Germany, and Japan began to employ imperialist doctrines to their governanceRead MoreThe Arab Republic Of Egypt3844 Words   |  16 Pagesof Egypt even as this same culture fuels the fires of change currently engulfing the nation. Throughout history, Egypt has been under secular rule beginning in 1517 when the Ottoman Empire took the symbols of the caliphate from Cairo to Istanbul. In 1789, Egypt experienced the Napoleonic invasion in which western culture was introduced into the region much earlier than other Islamic countries. Egypt began to rely heavily on Europe â€Å"between 1848 and 1860 [when] Egypt rose from twenty-sixth to twelfthRead MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 PagesRevolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis A. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises 1. Rivalry among the European powers intensified in the early 1600s as the Dutch Attacked Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas and in Asia. In the 1600s and 1700s the British then checked Dutch commercial and colonial ambitions and went on to defeat France in the Seven Years War (1756–1763) and take over French colonial possessions in the Americas and in India.

Italy Essay Thesis Example For Students

Italy Essay Thesis History Italys birth as a nation began in 1861 when the city/states of the peninsula and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily united under the regime of King Victor Emmanuel. Originally Greeks had settled in the southern tip of the Italian peninsula in the 7th and 8th century B.C. Etruscans and Romans populated the central and northern regionsBy the third century A.D. the peninsula had been unified under the Roman Empire along with the neighboring islands. The Empire dominated the Mediterranean world from 1 A.D. until its collapse in 5 A.D. After the empires collapse all the once controlled regions were plagued by political discourse, which made them vulnerable to invasion. In the 11th century the commercial prosperity in the countrys northern and central cities combined with the influence of the Renaissance tempered the effects of the existing medieval political rivalries. The calm allowed for the idea of a single Italian government to blossom. By 1861 a nationalist movement had emerged and reunified Italy, except for Rome, which would follow in 1870, and Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed King. Italy remained a constitutional monarchy with a parliament elected until 1922 when Benito Mussolini established a fascist dictatorship. Mussolinis disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italys defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and was buoyed by the economic revival that followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the ECC (European Economic Community)Italy has been at the forefront of the European economic and political unification and has been a member of the European Monetary Union since 1999. PeopleItaly has the fifth highest population density in Europe (490 people per square miles). Though Italian is the primary language there are still a few minority groups through the country. The largest group is the German-speaking people of Bolzano province and the Slovene in Trieste. There are also small blocks of Albanian, Greek, Ladino, and French inhabitants as well. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion among Italians but all faiths are granted equal freedoms under the present constitution. The Roman Catholic Church, though dominant, had its temporal powers ended in 1870 with a series of pacts with Italys government. The Lateran Pacts of 1929 recognized Vatican City as a sovereign entity. The pacts also include an end of Roman Catholicism as the nations state religion. This allowed for Protestant and Jewish communities to evolve as well as a growing Muslim immigrant community. Italys Renaissance period during the 14th and 15th centuries began a cultural revolution that would eventually spread throughout Europe. Authors such as Petrarch, Tasso, and Arioso emerged and invoked a long lasting influence over the literary world, as did the eras artists and composers. The Italian romantic operas penned by Rossi, Verdi, and Puccini along with the artistry of Raphael, Botticelli and Michelangelo set lofty standards that their colleagues today strive for. Todays Italy continues in todays world to be a strong contributor to Western culture. Voting in Italian elections is open to anyone over eighteen years of age except in senatorial elections where the minimum voting age is twenty-five years. GovernmentThe Italian government is a centralized one. Each leader of the five provinces are appointed by and made accountable to the central government. The Italian constitution also provides for twenty regions, which are governed by limited powers. The regions of Sardinia, Sicily, Trentino-Alto Adige, Valle dAosta, and Friuli-Venezia Gullah operate under special autonomy statues. The remaining fifteen, which were established in 1970, vote for regional councils. The Legislative BranchThe 1948 constitution established a bicameral parliament made of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Dei Deputati) consists of 630 seats of which 475 seats are directly elected. The remaining 155 seats are elected by regional representation. All members serve five-year terms. The Senate (Senato della Republica) is made up of 315 seats that are elected by a popular vote. 232 of the senate seats are directly elected and the remaining 83 are elected by a regional proportional representation. There is also a small number of senators for life which includes former presidents. Legislation may originate in either House but a majority in both must pass it. Education as a social institution EssayItaly is also short in farmable land but it still boasts 1.8million employed by farming. Italian farms average 7acres which reasons why most of Italys food supply is imported. The small and medium sized family operated manufacturing businesses is Italys economic strength. But, most of the ingredients needed in manufacturing are also imported. Italys major industry consists of precision machinery, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and fashions. Italy had an economic downturn after 9/11 but now appears to be on equal footing with its western European neighbors. Today Italy has a primary budget surplus, which is the result of many years of government cutbacks in spending. Also key to the result was Italys ability to control their national debt. Since 1992 the Italian government has made these practices primary as well as developing new ways of generating revenue. LABORLabor unions in Italy used to be affiliated with political parties but now operate as individual entities. Over 40% of Italys work force is a union member. Italys unemployment issue, likes its division of wealth, is similar to the United States because its regional. Italys unemployment rates run high in the south and low in the north. During the 1990s Italys unions made major strives for their members. Among these achievements were a four-year wage moderation agreement, pension reform, and plans to stimulate the market in the economically depressed areas, like the southern region. But, the same issues that plagued Italys government, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, and the effects of organized crime, have made investors suspicious of moving into the southern region. Women and young people are the most effected and many others choose to work illegally. Illegally hiring practices are widespread but the jobs feature low wages and no protections or benefits. In April of 2002 Prime Minister Berlusconis labor reform caused a successful strike to protest by union members. ConclusionIn 2003, Italy is still famous for its cultural influences, history and cars but still has gray clouds over its political arena. President Ciampi is presently on criminal trial for extoration and was the first President to testify at his own trial. Also, Prime Minister Berlusconi drew headlines for his desire for a close friendship with President George W. Bush. The Prime Minister was aloud supporter for Operation Iraqi freedom. The thousands of big businessmen that were investigated in Clean Hands along with the many politicians keeps an eagle eye on the sway of the right wing Eurosceptics that reside in Berlusconis government. Grade A

Pluto Paper free essay sample

Ever since grade school you were taught that our solar system has nine planets. Sadly that is no longer the case; in 2006 astronomers have decided that Pluto no longer qualifies as a planet. Pluto is now considered a â€Å"Dwarf Planet† and has caused a lot of controversy among astronomers. A dwarf planet is not even considered to be a planet, and there are projected to be hundreds of them in our galaxy. Pluto is being demoted to what amounts as a third class citizen in our galaxy. Thousands of textbooks will have to be revised and changed in our schools just because of this one change they made to our solar system. According to the new definition for a planet, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit. We will write a custom essay sample on Pluto Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The definition is flawed, relating to â€Å"clear the neighborhood†. Every 228 years Pluto crosses inside of the orbit of Neptune, so technically speaking, it does not clear its neighborhood. But that also means that Neptune does not clear its own neighborhood. Mars and Jupiter don’t clear their neighborhoods as they â€Å"interfere† with the Asteroids, and the Earth actually orbits the Sun with thousands of Asteroids. So the Earth doesn’t clear its own neighborhood either. So if we use the new definition, Pluto, Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, and the Earth, are not planets! Otherwise Pluto fits the definition for a planet; it is from a faulty definition that Pluto is no longer allowed to be a planet. Also, a body’s difficulty in clearing its orbit or the volume of space that it must clear increases dramatically its distance from the sun increases. Clearing is most difficult for Pluto, the furthest â€Å"planet† from the sun. Furthermore, why aren’t â€Å"Dwarf Planets† known as planets? Dwarf Stars are still stars, and Dwarf Galaxies are still galaxies. If it has the word â€Å"planet† in it why is it not a planet? One of the biggest problems with how Pluto got demoted from being a planet was the voting process. Although there are over 10,000 Astronomers in the International Astronomical Union, only 237 of them voted and approved this definition. Only 4% of the astronomer population voted, many of them felt they should have been able to vote electronically. Therefore, there was NOT a majority consensus of what a planet is. If people had to be at only one specific spot every time they voted for something I’m sure even our presidential votes would have changed because no one would want to vote. Hundreds of Astronomers around the world have signed petitions to ignore the new definition and still refer to Pluto as the ninth planet in our Solar System. They believe the definition of a planet is sloppy and needs to be drastically revised. If so many astronomers don’t agree with the decision, what gave them the right to change the definition and make Pluto no longer a planet? The demotion of Pluto is also going to hurt its research funding. No one wants to study it if it’s not important enough to be a planet. Discovered in 1930, Pluto orbits the Sun, has three moons, has an atmosphere, has weather, and even polar caps. It is not that much different than any of the other planets. It has been known as a planet for more than 75 years, and to change its status with a poor definition and process is bad science. Pluto has earned the right to be a planet; it has been for years and for a few men to say it’s not based on a bad definition is wrong. Pluto needs to be considered a planet again, who knows what they might try to change in our solar system next.